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Meeting #4 • Titanic

Voyage Risk
Assessment

White Star Line Q1 Pre-Departure Safety Meeting. Every risk that will sink the ship is raised. Every risk is dismissed. Thomas Andrews tries to save 2,200 lives. Nobody listens.

Status: CLOSED — WON'T FIX • Priority: SHOULD HAVE BEEN CRITICAL • Outcome: PREVENTABLE

20
Lifeboats
44
Capacity Needed
ALL
Risks Dismissed
0
Binoculars
Back to All Meetings

Meeting Invite

Sent via White Star Line Internal Mail • Informal (No Minutes)

Subject

Pre-Departure Risk Assessment — RMS Titanic Maiden Voyage

Organizer

J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman, White Star Line (ismay@whitestarline.co.uk)

Date & Time

April 10, 1912 • 2:00 PM • Smoking Room B, RMS Titanic (Southampton)

Duration

30 minutes (actual: 29 minutes — Ismay had somewhere to be)

Required Attendees

Captain Edward Smith (Captain), Thomas Andrews (Chief Architect, Harland & Wolff), First Officer William Murdoch

Optional Attendees

None — Ismay wants this kept small and, ideally, undocumented

Dial-In

Marconi wireless available but reserved for passenger telegrams • In-person only • Refreshments: Brandy, cigars

Agenda
  1. Structural overview (Andrews has prepared 40 pages — we will cover 2)
  2. Lifeboat capacity (this will be contentious)
  3. Speed and arrival time (Ismay wants to arrive early for press)
  4. Ice field navigation (or not, apparently)
  5. Lookout equipment (binoculars situation)
  6. Any other business (Andrews will try to save lives; Ismay will talk about aesthetics)

Note from Ismay: "This is an informal pre-departure chat. No minutes. No documentation. Andrews, please keep your presentation brief and optimistic. We are not here to worry; we are here to celebrate the maiden voyage of the greatest ship ever built. Emphasis on \u2018greatest.\u2019 Emphasis on \u2018unsinkable.\u2019"

Full Meeting Transcript

Reconstructed from notes found in Thomas Andrews' cabin • Classification: WHITE STAR LINE CONFIDENTIAL • Ismay insisted no minutes be taken. Andrews took them anyway.

[14:00]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

Gentlemen, thank you for gathering. I know we’re all very busy preparing for departure, so let’s keep this brief. I want to be at the captain’s dinner by seven.

[14:01]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

I have prepared a forty-page risk assessment document. I sent it to the group last Tuesday. Has everyone had a chance to review it?

[14:01]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

I skimmed the executive summary.

Editor's note: He did not skim the executive summary.

[14:02]Captain Edward Smith

I printed it out but left it in my other jacket.

[14:02]First Officer Murdoch

I read the whole thing. It’s terrifying.

[14:03]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

Thank you, Murdoch. Let’s begin with the structural overview. The Titanic has sixteen watertight compartments. She can stay afloat with up to four compartments flooded. However—

[14:03]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

Four! Excellent. So she’s unsinkable.

[14:04]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

I would prefer we not use that word. I was about to say: if five or more compartments are breached, the ship will sink. The bulkheads do not extend to the top deck, which means water can overflow from one compartment to the next, like—

[14:04]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

Like an ice cube tray. Very clever design, Andrews.

[14:05]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

That is… not a compliment, sir. That is the vulnerability I’m trying to explain.

[14:05]Captain Edward Smith

I’m sure it will be fine.

Editor's note: Captain Smith says this about everything.

[14:06]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

Moving on to lifeboats. Current capacity: 1,178 persons. Expected passenger and crew count: approximately 2,200.

[14:07]First Officer Murdoch

So we have lifeboats for roughly half the people on board.

[14:07]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

Correct. I originally designed the ship with forty-eight lifeboats, which would have been sufficient for everyone. The number was reduced to twenty to—and I quote the design review notes—“avoid cluttering the deck and maintain aesthetic lines.”

[14:08]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

The deck looks magnificent. Passengers want to promenade, Andrews. They don’t want to stare at lifeboats. Nobody buys a first-class ticket to look at emergency equipment.

[14:08]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

They might want to sit in one, sir.

[14:09]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

Noted. Moving on. I want to discuss arrival time. The press has been reporting that we will arrive in New York on Tuesday evening. I think we can do better. I want Wednesday morning at the latest—but what if we arrive Tuesday afternoon?

[14:10]Captain Edward Smith

That would require running at close to maximum speed for the entire crossing.

[14:10]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

And?

[14:10]Captain Edward Smith

The North Atlantic in April is known for ice. Running at full speed through an ice field at night would be—

[14:11]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

Headlines. It would be headlines, Captain. “Titanic Arrives Ahead of Schedule.” Think of the press coverage.

[14:11]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

Think of the icebergs.

[14:12]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

We’ll cross that bridge when we come to it.

[14:12]First Officer Murdoch

Sir, there are no bridges in the Atlantic. That’s the problem.

[14:13]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

It’s a figure of speech, Murdoch.

[14:14]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

Can we return to the lifeboat issue? We are short approximately 1,000 seats. In the event of an emergency—

[14:14]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

There will be no emergency. She is the finest ship ever built.

[14:15]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

I built her. And I am telling you she has vulnerabilities.

[14:15]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

Every ship has vulnerabilities. That’s why we have insurance.

[14:16]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

Insurance does not help the 1,000 people without lifeboats, sir.

[14:16]Captain Edward Smith

I’m sure it will be fine.

[14:17]First Officer Murdoch

If I may raise another concern. Our lookouts do not have binoculars. The binoculars were locked in a cabinet, and the officer who had the key was reassigned before departure. Nobody knows where the key is.

[14:18]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

The lookouts have eyes, don’t they?

[14:18]First Officer Murdoch

Yes, sir. But eyes are significantly less effective at spotting icebergs at night than binoculars.

[14:19]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

Tell them to squint. Next item.

[14:20]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

I’d like to discuss the watertight door response time. In my testing, closing all watertight doors takes approximately thirty seconds from the bridge. However, if the damage is extensive enough—say, a side impact from a large object—

[14:20]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

What large object would hit us from the side?

[14:21]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

An iceberg, sir. We’ve been discussing this for twenty minutes.

[14:21]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

I thought we resolved the iceberg discussion.

[14:22]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

We did not resolve it. You said ‘next item.’ That is not resolution. That is avoidance.

Editor's note: Andrews is describing approximately 73% of all corporate meetings.

[14:23]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

Let me be very clear. This ship represents a £7.5 million investment by the White Star Line. We will arrive in New York ahead of schedule. We will receive glowing press coverage. We will NOT be known as the company that delayed a maiden voyage because an architect was worried about ice cubes floating in the ocean.

[14:24]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

They are not ice cubes. Some of them are the size of this ship.

[14:24]Captain Edward Smith

I’m sure we’ll see them in time.

Editor's note: They will not see them in time.

[14:25]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

Captain, with all due respect, you have just agreed with every single thing Mr. Ismay has said in this meeting. Do you have an independent opinion on any of these matters?

[14:25]Captain Edward Smith

I’m sure everything will be fine.

[14:26]First Officer Murdoch

I’d like to go on record that I flagged the binocular issue, the speed issue, and the lifeboat shortage. Can someone write that in the minutes?

[14:26]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

We are not keeping minutes for this meeting. This was informal.

Editor's note: They are definitely keeping minutes. You are reading them.

[14:27]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

Can I at least get a commitment that we will not run at full speed through a known ice field at night?

[14:27]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

You can get a commitment that I will take your concerns under advisement.

[14:28]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

“Under advisement” is corporate for “no.”

[14:28]J. Bruce Ismay, Chairman

It is corporate for “I heard you,” which is different from “I agree with you.” Meeting adjourned. See you all at the captain’s dinner.

[14:29]Thomas Andrews, Chief Architect

[Quietly, gathering his papers.] I am going to spend the next four days memorizing the ship’s layout. Just in case.

Editor's note: He will use this knowledge to direct passengers to lifeboats during the sinking. He will not get on a lifeboat himself.

Action Items

From the meeting that Ismay insisted was "informal" and "undocumented."

Thomas AndrewsDue: Before departure

Submit revised lifeboat count proposal (48 boats)

Status: Rejected — aesthetics take priority

First Officer MurdochDue: Immediately

Locate the key to the binocular cabinet

Status: Key is somewhere in Southampton — no one knows where

Captain SmithDue: During crossing

Develop contingency plan for ice field navigation

Status: Plan: “I’m sure it will be fine”

J. Bruce IsmayDue: Ongoing

Take Andrews’ concerns “under advisement”

Status: Translation: will not be done

Lookout TeamDue: Night of April 14

Spot icebergs using eyes (binoculars unavailable)

Status: Good luck

AllDue: Tonight

Attend captain’s dinner and not think about icebergs

Status: Completed — everyone had a lovely time

Follow-Up Email

From: Thomas Andrews (t.andrews@harland-wolff.co.uk)

To: J. Bruce Ismay (ismay@whitestarline.co.uk)

CC: Captain Smith, First Officer Murdoch, White Star Line Board of Directors

Subject: RE: Iceberg — Told You So

Sent: April 14, 1912 — 11:40 PM

Bruce,

We have struck an iceberg on the starboard side. I have just completed my inspection of the lower decks. Six compartments are breached. As I explained in the meeting on April 10th — and in my forty-page risk assessment that you "skimmed" — the ship can float with four breached compartments. Not six.

The ship will sink. I estimate we have approximately one to two hours.

A few items from our meeting that are now relevant:

1. Lifeboats: We have 20. We need 44. I raised this. You said the deck "looks magnificent."
2. Speed: We were running near maximum speed through an ice field at night. I asked you not to do this. You said it would be "headlines." It will be.
3. Binoculars: The lookouts did not have binoculars. First Officer Murdoch raised this. You told them to squint.
4. Captain Smith's assessment: "I'm sure it will be fine." It is not fine.

I am heading to the boat deck to assist with evacuation. I will not be boarding a lifeboat. I designed this ship, and I will stay with her.

For the record: I told you so.

Thomas Andrews
Chief Architect, Harland & Wolff
Attachment: Risk_Assessment_FINAL_PLEASE_READ.pdf (40 pages, opened 0 times)

"I'm sure it will be fine."

— Captain Edward Smith, about everything, always

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